Qumran Isaiah scroll and its markings compared to New Testament citations of Isaiah

Koot van wyk (DLitt et Phil; ThD) Visiting Professor, Department of Liberal Education, Kyungpook National University, Sangju Campus, South Korea, Conjoint lecturer of Avondale College, Australia

 

There are a number of marginal markings in the Isaiah text from Qumran cave 1. The following are approximations of them: / _ X ﮈ ﮭ O . Paulien is mentioned since his doctoral allocates a citation as possible allusions or non-allusions and other classifications.

1QIsaa  3:1 /                                 Rev 6:15 Isaiah 2:21

       3:16 /                                     Rev 3:19; Heb 12:5-6 Isa 3:11-12

       7:20 _                                   none

       8:8 _                                      Mt 1:23

       8:10_                                     Mt 1:23

       8:15_                                     Heb 2:13 Isa 8:17-18

       9:1 _                                      Luk 1:79; Eph 5:8; Rev 16:10 Isa 8:22;

       10:26_                                   Romans 9:27-28

       11:10_                                   Luk 2:32; Acts 11:21; Rom 15:12; John 3:14, 15; 12:32;   Rev 5:5; Rev 22:10

       11:16_                                   Rev 16:12 Isa 11:15

       13:10_                                   Rev 6:12-13; Mt 24:29; Mrk 13:24; Luk 21:25; Acts 2:20; Paulien 270

       13:16_                                   Rev 18:2 Isa 13:21

       19:25_                                   Eph 2:10

       21:12_                                   Rev 14:8; 18:2

       22:24 X                                 Rev 3:7

       23:7 X                                   Rev 18:22 Isa 23:8

       24:20_                                   Lk 21:25 Isa 24:19; Rev 4:4 Isa 24:23

       28:7 ﮈ                                     1 Cor 14:21 Isa 28:11

       28:15_                                   Rom 9:33; 10:11; 1 Cor 3:11; Eph 2:20; 1 Pet 2:4; 2:6. Isa 28:16

       29:12_                                   Rev 5:1 Isa 29:10; Col 2:27; Mat 15:8, 9; Mark 7:6, 7 Isa 29:13

       29:14_                                   1 Cor 1:19; Col 2:22; Mat 15:8-9; Mark 7:6-7 Isa 29:13; Rom 9:20 Isa 29:16

       29:21_                                   Rev 8:10; Paulien 271

       29:24_                                   Heb 5:2

       30:26_                                   Rom 21:23; 22:5; Rev 8:12 Possible allusion Paulien 288. Rev 19:20; 20:10; 20:15; 21:8 Isa 30:33

       32:1 X                                   none

       33:6 _                                    Mat 6:33

       35:10 ﮭ                                  Rev 7:17; 21:4

       36:12 O                                 none

       39:8 ﮭ                                    Lk 2:25 Isa 40:1; Rev 1:5; Mat 3:3; Mark 1:3; Luke 1:76; John 1:23 Isa 40:2

       41:1 _                                    1 Pet 4:17

       41:4 _                                    Rev 1:4; 1:8; 4:8 Isa 41:4

       41:16 _                                  none

       41:20 _                                  none

       42:1 X                                   Mat 3:17; Mark 1:11; Luke 9:35

       42:5 X                                   Acts 17:24; 17:25; Luke 2:32; Acts 21:23 Isa 42:6

       42:11 ﮭ                                  Rev 5:9; 14:3 Isa 42:10; 1 Pet 2:9 Isa 42: 12

       42:20 X                                 Rom 2:21; Mat 11:5 Isa 42: 18

       43:14 _                                  2 Cor 5:17 Isa 43:18

       43:28 _                                  Mark 2:7; Luke 5:21 Isa 43:25

       44:27 X                                 Rev 16:12

       44:28 ﮭ                                  Acts 13:22

       48:16 _                                  Rom 4:17 Isa 48:13; Rom 11:26 Isa 48:17

       48:18 _                                  Rev 18:4 Isa 48:20

      48:21_                                    Rev 18:4 Isa 48:20

      49:2 _                                      Rev 1:16; 2:12; 2:16; 19:15; Eph 6:47; Heb 4:12

      49:4 _                                      Phil 2:16

      49:7 X                                     Luke 2:32; John 8:12; 9:5; Acts 13:47; 26:23 Isa 49:6; 2 Cor 6:2 Isa 49:8

      51:6_                                       Heb 1:10-12; Mat 24:35; 2 Pet 3:10

      51:16_                                    Rev 14:10; 15:7; 16:19 Eph 5:14

      52:6 ﮭ                                      Rom 2:24; 2 Pet 2:2 Isa 52:5; Acts 10:36; Rom 10:15; 2 Cor 5:20; Eph 2:17; 6:15 Isa 52:7

      52:15_                                   Rom 15:21; 1 Cor 2:9; Eph 3:5

      56:1 X                                     none

      56:3 X                                     none

      56:8 _                                      John 10:16

      56:10 X                                  1 Cor 15:32 Isa 56:11

      58:12 _                                    John 7:38; 4:14 Isa 58:11

      58:13 X                                   idem

      58:14 _                                    idem

      59:21  ﮭ                                  Rom 11:26-27; Eph 5:14; Luke 1:78-79; John 1:14; Rev 21:16; Rev 21:24 Isa 60:1

      60:9 _                                      Rev 11:8; 21:2

      62:9 _                                      Mat 21:5; Rev 22:12 Isa 62:11; Heb 13:17 Isa 62:6

      63:5 _                                      none

      64:11 _                                    John 8:41; 1Pet 1:17 Isa 64:8

      66:4 _                                      Acts 7:49 Isa 66:1

      66:5 X                                     2 Thes 1:12; Rev 16:1; 16:17; 12:2; 12:5 Isa 66:6

There are about sixty-two places where the Isaiah scroll from cave one was marked in more than seven ways. We list the common ones as follows: / _ X ﮈ ﮭ O. Of these sixty-two markings twenty-seven of them correspond to possible or probable allusions from Isaiah in the Book of Revelation. Six markings correspond to allusions to Isaiah in the book of Hebrews: Heb 12:5-6 at 1QIsaa 3:16; Heb 2:13 at 1QIsaa 11:10; Heb 5:2 at 1QIsaa 29:24;Heb 4:12 at 1QIsaa 49:2; Heb 1:10-12 at 1QIsaa 51:6; Heb 13:17 near 1QIsaa 62:9 namely, in Isaiah 62:6. Seven markings correspond to allusions in the Gospel of John to Isaiah: 1QIsaa 11:10; 39:8; 49:7; 56:8; 58:12; 59:21 and 64:11. Twelve of these markings are at places in Isaiah where Luke cited Isaiah either in his gospel or in his religious history of the early missions, namely the book of Acts: 1QIsaa 11:10; 13:10; 24:20; 39:8; 42:1; 42:5; 43:28; 44:28; 49:7; 52:6; 59: 21; 66:4. B. Metzger et al (see the Index of Quotations pages 910-913 of their The Greek New Testament [Stuttgart, West Germany: Würtenberg Bible Society, 1968 2nd edition]) lists 71 allusions of Revelation to Isaiah verse by verse. Of these 71 allusions, 27 correspond to markings in the Isaiah scroll. It means roughly that 38% of the allusions of the Book of Revelation from Isaiah one can find at or very close to a mark in 1QIsaa. If one considers the Book of Hebrews also as a Paulinian work, then one can count twenty four markings corresponding to allusions to Isaiah in the Paulinian corpus. There are cases where only Matthew corresponds to markings in the Isaiah scroll: 1QIsaa 8:8; 8:10; 33:6. Beyond these there are a larger number of Matthean allusions that corresponds to marking in the scroll but they are shared also by the Paulinian corpus, Luke’s works, Revelation, other gospels, and with Peter. There are markings with apparently no connection in the New Testament: 1QIsaa 7:20; 32:1; 41:16; 41:20; 56:1; 56:3; and 63:5. The connection to the New Testament writer’s usage of the Book of Isaiah and the person who studied the Qumran Scroll of Isaiah either were the same person or people or otherwise a common pattern existed dating to at least the time of Antiochus Epiphanes as beginning date and continuing to the completion of the Book of Revelation. We do not know whether 1QIsaa was part of a mobile library that went from New Testament times synagogues to Antioch, Caesarea library of Origen and then to cave one. What W. F. Albright did not consider in his dating of the ceramic jar in which the scroll was found, is that it was possible that the jar was never made for the scroll but that someone later searched at the ruins of the Qumran setting and found these 3rd or 2nd century BCE jars convenient to carry up to the caves to store the precious scrolls in. Such storage could have happened at the time Origen said (218 CE) that scrolls were found in caves near Jericho. One should not be dogmatic on this issue since Late Roman IV lamps (150-250 CE) were found at the entrances of caves 1, 3, 4 and 11 corresponding to the time of Origen. G. R. Driver suggested three dates for the scrolls to have found its way into the caves: 167 BCE; 132 CE and 245-313 CE. James Vanderkam suggested De Vaux’s theory that the scrolls should be connected to the buildings or ruins nearby but indicated that no manuscripts were found at the ruins (Vanderkam 13-14). Let us suggest this scenario: If the Alexandrian library (3rd century BCE until 48 BCE when it burnt down) contained the Vorlage for the re-translation of the Septuagint during the time of Antiochus Epiphanes deviating from a literal Masoretic text like Greek translation as we have in 4QNuma and others, then that degenerated post-Ephiphanes Vorlage or copies of it moved to Tarsus and Rome in 48 BCE and was employed by Josephus and if that library was available to Justin the Martyr in 160 CE (with his complaints of omissions in Jeremiah) and to Lucian in 312 CE and to the translators of the Vetus Latina in 190 CE; if that library found its way to the caves in the 3rd century BCE as the Late Roman IV lamps are archaeologically suggesting, then one can see a network of cross-contamination. There will be correspondences between the Byzantine preserved Septuagint, Josephus, Qumran, Lucian, Vetus Latina and the Targums. The Byzantine preserved Septuagint is different than the Qumran Septuagint presented by some Pentateuch examples. At one point some copied the note-books of the teacher(s) and they did not fully understand what the marginal notations, supralinear correction mean and included everything for preservation sake. Thus, double readings of words originated. This text is the LXXRalfhs or LXXGöttingen editions.  

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