They say that Khnumhotep II worked during the reign of Amenemhet II (1914-1879) and Senuseret II between 1879-1871 BC. Joseph died in 1878 BC. It was during the reign of Senuseret III that started to reign from 1878-?1839 BC that he carried out a military campaign against Asiatics in the land. The Sebek-Khu Stele reported this. It was the start of Xenophobia against Asiatics in Egypt. Joseph died nearly 30 years before.

However, during the time of Joseph the Asiatics are seen on the Beni-Hasan relief carrying gifts to Senuseret II. Clearly Abisha was a Hyksos and was the leading Ibex man bended on the picture.

The Bible says Oppression started in 1848 with Senuseret III or Amenemhet III (who followed after Senuseret III).

Whichever way you move the furniture on the Titanic, from blue to red room, it does not matter. It is still Oppression. So the switch of paradigms from Egyptians with Amenemhet IV to minor Hyksos/Egyptians together in weakness and the Hyksos paradigm from 1664-1555 BCusing Manfred Bietak’s dates, or the switch back to Egyptians under Ahmose for the Eighteenth Dynasty and Moses’ history, it does not matter: it is still Oppression for the man in the street.

When national favoritism reigns, you have Oppression for the minorities in that country. Or if minorities gain upperhand, the general population suffers.

The Bible said it was 400 years of Oppression. Oppression by Egyptians of Asians. Oppression of Hyksos Semites from Northern Mesopotamia of everyone in Egypt. Oppression of pro-Egyptian nationalism since 1580 BC by Khamose and Ahmose of Asians.

That is why Thutmosis III liked Senuseret III so much.

The world was going to experience in 1450 BC the first successful national walkout of Egyptian power instantaneously in one day. The whole world heard about this event of “rebellion” by Moses and the Israelites that night in March, the night the oldest son died at Midnight and Thutmosis III, body washed away in the Red Sea. It is the Oldest son of Thutmosis III that was mummified and placed in his sarcophage since that mummy in Chicago Oriental Institute Museum is only 35 years old.

Manfred Bietak should be honored for his contribution to the scholarly world of a knowledge of the Hyksos, their culture, their objects, their art, their designs, their enterprises, their cities and towns, their architectural features, their pottery and ceramics, their skeletons and burial practices. And much more. Many scholars are ongoing analyzing the non-Egyptian rulers called the “rulers from foreign lands” that had their capital in the seaport of Avaris.

Where Bietak’s students developed hick-ups is regarding the attempt to hook with Biblical History, but not with proper biblical chronology in mind. Ignoring chronology is like wondering if Hitler was the one who did 911. This is the greatest deficit of all books, articles, dissertations, theses’ and presentations at Meetings in our time.

Too long has the Bible and proper History being neglected and negated. Now they are suffering putting history properly together with archaeological material and thus presents an insufficient view of the whole scenario while all the data points to a support of what is described in the Bible.

The dating by Manfred Bietak and others are also too low. They make approximations as follows: Bietak gives c. 1640–1532 BC, Schneider gives c. 1639–1521 BC, and Stiebing gives c. 1630–1530 BC. Bietak 2012 page 1, Schneider 2006 page 196 and Stiebing 2009 page 197 are far too low in their chronology. The reason is simple. Moses was born in 1530 BC. Ahmose could not have been the one who ordered the Asians killings regarding Moses specifically, because Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmosis I who found Moses at her own age of 6 years old in the Nile. Too young to be his mother. So he had to go back to his genetic mother until 12 years old in 1518 BC.

The Hyksos is said to have reigned for 108 years. Ahmose who got rid of the Hyksos power and set up the Eighteenth dynasty is given a number of dates in which he ruled: 1570 to 1546 BC, 1560–1537 BC, 1551–1527 BC and 1539–1514 BC by various sources. The best option in my opinion is 1570-1546 BC. Radiocarbon seems to support this also as Wikipedia under “Ahmose” is indicating.

Why 1546 BC as end of his reign is good? Because one has to bring in Thutmosis I timely to bring in Hatshepsut timely to harmonize with the biblical chronology. If atheistic and agnostic scholars have three options for one to choose and one of them align with the Bible, what should one do? One chooses the Bible. 

The Bible is just as much a source of history of the Ancient Near East as any other source. One needs to honor the data scientifically just as much as one has to honor the data of Ancient Near Eastern sources unless clear bias is at play.

Great studies are undertaken by various institutes for the past decade on the Hyksos to determine their origin. One such finding was published and then reported by Theresa Machemer July 17, 2020 that they analyzed tooth enamel to find out that the Hyksos were immigrants not invaders.

They came originally from the Northern Levant near Mesopotamia. Their wives were favored to be in the Canaanite region of Israel and Palestine.

The original researcher studied 75 individuals. Some were from the pre-Hyksos period and some from the Hyksos period.

The methodology was explained in the following link by one team how they can determine their diet and origin. https://www.academia.edu/84675816/The_Hyksos_in_Egypt_A_Bioarchaeological_Perspective

The subject of burial culture was published by Chris Stantis in 2020 PLOS ONE online. “Who were the Hyksos? Challenging traditional narratives using strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) analysis of human remains from ancient Egypt”. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235414. It is really the topic of paleomobility.

As Stantis pointed out, there was an influx of non-Egyptians before the Hyksos period. The Beni Hasan relief supra is such an example. And it was a Hyksos who wanted to pay respect to Senuseret II in the time of Joseph.

In 2018 Manfred Bietak reported in Austria that the architectural features of Avaris and surroundings seems to find parallels in Syria and Canaan and also Northern Mesopotamia.

Source:  https://www.academia.edu/36306509/_THE_ENIGMA_OF_THE_HYKSOS_ERC_ADVANCED_GRANT_WORKSHOP_AT_THE_11_TH_ICAANE_IN_MUNICH_at_LMU_6_TH_OF_APRIL_2018_DIRECTED_BY_MANFRED_BIETAK_AND_SILVIA_PRELL?rhid=27889892001&swp=rr-rw-wc-38582634

Any article suggesting that the Hyksos were the Hebrews of the Bible like Joseph and Jacob, should be rejected. It is misrepresentation. Also if they suggest that it is Moses and the Israelite rebelling. They did not leave Egypt because they were inspired by the Hyksos attitudes. Do not misplace the clear Bible reasons why they left.