Koot van Wyk (DLitt et Phil; ThD); Visiting Professor; Department of Liberal Education, Kyungpook National University, Sangju Campus, South Korea, Conjoint lecturer of Avondale College Australia
See also blog response at http://elifesciences.org/content/4/e09561
The week of 10th of September 2015 the media went wild about the possibility that a half-human, some race between an ape and man was finally found in a cave underground where more than 15 skeletons were put for their funerals.
Prof. Berger of Witwatersrand University was quick to indicate that the skull is small but the body is almost normal at times. They are wondering if it is a new race or is it a missing link that died out while humans continued to live.
There are a number of problems these scientists overlook with their conclusions:
They are using the lenses of Lyell to look at the past and the conclusions of Darwin in his classical evolution scheme of things to fiddle with the data.
Prof. Berger is quick to say that whereas a normal human’s skull is this measurement, therefore this skull is half ape since it is smaller. It is here that one should be cautious. There are nearly 816 different medical diseases why people develop smaller skulls. Before Berger can come up with any explanations about these skeletons, he need to bring to the table of science, not only an atlas of normal people of all races around the globe, but also an atlas of “eccentric, handicapped, bone pathological and micro-cephalistic” humans still living. The samples above indicate that humans in our own era are born with microcephalism. Big body, small head.
The reasons of this genetic disease can be a lot of factors.
The other point that Berger and his team should look at, and which is not easy to study, is whether the society of that time marginalized handicap people to live in caves outside the mainstream society since they were considered “supernatural” or the like.
The teeth of the skull are in very good condition as far as nutrition is concerned, apparently.
The question of whether it is a half-human was rejected by some politicians in South Africa, and in this researcher’s view, rightly so, since it could be person with a handicap like microcephalism.
Another issue is whether they are a different race that was migrating in the area as we know that the pigmies are smaller. The pygmies of Africa are smaller than normal humans. There is an online site with a map (abagond.worldpress.com) that shows that the pygmies are pocketing in the direction of South Africa as far low as to the North-East of Zambia below Tanzania. These are the remaining tribes today. One should ask whether these skeletons belonged to a pygmy tribe that handicaps that were “disposed of” in this cave? In 1931 they measured some of them and it was found that they were 3 feet 5 to 3 feet 11 inches.
If they were given a funeral what happened to the one who gave the last funeral?
Were they dumped into the cave as a kind of punishment to let them starve until they die?
Mostly people who are buried decently are buried with their belongings going with them.
Did the scientist look at comparative folklore to see the attitude to handicaps among tribes in Africa?
About Ghana, Chomba Wa Munyi of Kenyatta University said in 2012:
“Severely retarded children were abandoned on riverbanks or near the sea so that such "animal-like children" could return to what was believed to be their own kind (Danquah 1977).”[1] About Nigeria M. Eskay et al said that several reasons were given for mistreatment of handicaps in Nigerian history.[2] Most of their sources relied on analogia entis data or contemporary attitudes and historical backing in past centuries are meager. This cave may offer evidence towards treatment of handicaps in Africa’s past.
What is clear from the skull that is presented in the media is the case of chronic maxillary distemia or gapped teeth. It is sometimes caused by a disease of abnormal jawbone structure. It seems as if it is a case of malocclusion. An abnormal structure, a cyst or a mesiodens can lead to distemia. “Periodontal (gum) disease results in the loss of the bone that supports the teeth. In people who have lost a lot of bone, the teeth can become loose. This movement can result in gaps between the front teeth.” There are online pictures of pygmies and some of them have gaps between all the teeth. One pygmy had four canine teeth in upper part in a row.
There is the case of the protruding eyebrows in the skull. There are many modern examples of the similar especially of famous rugby players and other sports. It is not only Neanderthal that is protruding, modern examples also exist. In fact, the Aborigines are all having a protruding eyebrow skull.
Evolutionists do not have the last say on these finds. Creationists do have also their conclusions and it would be a disaster if this data is given only to be arranged in narrative form by Classical Evolutionists.
Online retrieved
Microcephalism smaller brain size
Skull of someone who had microcephalism (online retrieved)
Microcephalism differences with normal heads (online retrieved)
Online sample of someone who suffered from microcephalism
Online sample of microcephalism
Online example of microcephalism
Minister Rhamaphoza kissing the microcephalistic skull found by Berger and their team in RSA
Bone pathology of the Naledi skeleton found in the Caves in South Africa September 2015
Online retrieval of finds from the cave by Berger and his team in South Africa of Homo Naledi
Examples online from the Naledi find
Online samples of the Homo Naledi find
Online examples of the homo Naledi find in South Africa.
Prof. Berger of Wits University in Johannesburg holding Homo Naledi which is a smaller skull probably due to microcephalism and then driven from society due to their handicap disabilities to function in society properly.
(A modern case of micro-cephalism online retrieved).
Aborigine skull protruding
protruding eyebrows of Aborigine
Portruding skull of a chimpanzee
skull." 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v:shapes="그림_x0020_29">
Orang-utan skull
Skull, Neanderthal, Forbes Quarry (Replica)" 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" v:shapes="그림_x0020_30"> Neanderthal skull
[1] Chomba Wa Munyi, “Past and Present Perceptions Towards Disability: A Historical Perspective” Disabilities Studies Quarterly Vol 32, No 2 (2012): . He cited Danquah 1977.
[2] “There are several beliefs for the negative attitudes revolving around children with disabilities in Nigeria. These beliefs cut across the Nigerian society and hence have a similar impact on the citizens’ attitudes on learners with disabilities. According to Onwuegbu (1977), Abang (1985) and Ozoji (1990) and later supported by Marten (1990) and Eskay (2009), the causes of such negative perceptions on learners with disabilities were related to: (1) a curse from God (due to gross disobedience to God’s commandments); (2) ancestral violation of societal norms (e.g., due to stealing); (3) offenses against gods of the land (e.g., fighting within the society); (4) breaking laws and family sins (e.g., stealing and denying); (5) misfortune (e.g., due to marriage incest); (6) witches and wizards (e.g., society saw them as witches and wizards); (7) adultery (a major abomination); (8) a warning from the gods of the land (due to pollution of water and the land); (9) arguing and fighting with the elders (a societal taboo); (10) misdeed in a previous life (such as stealing); (11) illegal or unapproved marriage by the societal elders (arguing and fighting against the elderly advice in marriage); (12) possession by evil spirits (due to gross societal disobedience ); and many others” (Eskay M., Onu V. C., Igbo J. N., Obiyo N., Ugwuanyi L “Disability Within the African Culture” US-China Education Review B 4 (2012) 473-484).