They say that Khnumhotep II worked during the reign of Amenemhet II (1914-1879) and Senuseret II between
1879-1871 BC. Joseph died in 1878 BC. It was during the reign of Senuseret III
that started to reign from 1878-?1839 BC that he carried out a military
campaign against Asiatics in the land. The Sebek-Khu Stele reported this. It
was the start of Xenophobia against Asiatics in Egypt. Joseph died nearly 30
years before.
However, during the time of Joseph the Asiatics are seen on the Beni-Hasan
relief carrying gifts to Senuseret II. Clearly Abisha was a Hyksos and was the
leading Ibex man bended on the picture.
The Bible says Oppression started in 1848 with Senuseret III or Amenemhet
III (who followed after Senuseret III).
Whichever way you move the furniture on the Titanic, from blue to red room,
it does not matter. It is still Oppression. So the switch of paradigms from
Egyptians with Amenemhet IV to minor Hyksos/Egyptians together in weakness and
the Hyksos paradigm from 1664-1555 BCusing Manfred Bietak’s dates, or the
switch back to Egyptians under Ahmose for the Eighteenth Dynasty and Moses’
history, it does not matter: it is still Oppression for the man in the street.
When national favoritism reigns, you have Oppression for the minorities in
that country. Or if minorities gain upperhand, the general population suffers.
The Bible said it was 400 years of Oppression. Oppression by Egyptians of
Asians. Oppression of Hyksos Semites from Northern Mesopotamia of everyone in
Egypt. Oppression of pro-Egyptian nationalism since 1580 BC by Khamose and
Ahmose of Asians.
That is why Thutmosis III liked Senuseret III so much.
The world was going to experience in 1450 BC the first successful national
walkout of Egyptian power instantaneously in one day. The whole world heard
about this event of “rebellion” by Moses and the Israelites that night in
March, the night the oldest son died at Midnight and Thutmosis III, body washed
away in the Red Sea. It is the Oldest son of Thutmosis III that was mummified
and placed in his sarcophage since that mummy in Chicago Oriental Institute
Museum is only 35 years old.
Manfred Bietak should be honored for his contribution to the scholarly
world of a knowledge of the Hyksos, their culture, their objects, their art,
their designs, their enterprises, their cities and towns, their architectural
features, their pottery and ceramics, their skeletons and burial practices. And
much more. Many scholars are ongoing analyzing the non-Egyptian rulers called
the “rulers from foreign lands” that had their capital in the seaport of
Avaris.
Where Bietak’s students developed hick-ups is regarding the attempt to hook
with Biblical History, but not with proper biblical chronology in mind. Ignoring
chronology is like wondering if Hitler was the one who did 911. This is the
greatest deficit of all books, articles, dissertations, theses’ and
presentations at Meetings in our time.
Too long has the Bible and proper History being neglected and negated. Now
they are suffering putting history properly together with archaeological
material and thus presents an insufficient view of the whole scenario while all
the data points to a support of what is described in the Bible.
The dating by Manfred Bietak and others are also too low. They make
approximations as follows: Bietak gives c. 1640–1532 BC, Schneider gives c.
1639–1521 BC, and Stiebing gives c. 1630–1530 BC. Bietak 2012 page 1, Schneider
2006 page 196 and Stiebing 2009 page 197 are far too low in their chronology. The
reason is simple. Moses was born in 1530 BC. Ahmose could not have been the one
who ordered the Asians killings regarding Moses specifically, because
Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmosis I who found Moses at her own age of 6
years old in the Nile. Too young to be his mother. So he had to go back to his
genetic mother until 12 years old in 1518 BC.
The Hyksos is said to have reigned for 108 years. Ahmose who got rid of the
Hyksos power and set up the Eighteenth dynasty is given a number of dates in
which he ruled: 1570 to 1546 BC, 1560–1537 BC, 1551–1527 BC and 1539–1514 BC by
various sources. The best option in my opinion is 1570-1546 BC. Radiocarbon
seems to support this also as Wikipedia under “Ahmose” is indicating.
Why 1546 BC as end of his reign is good? Because one has to bring in
Thutmosis I timely to bring in Hatshepsut timely to harmonize with the biblical
chronology. If atheistic and agnostic scholars have three options for one to choose and one of them align with the Bible, what should one do? One chooses the Bible.
The Bible is just as much a source of history of the Ancient Near East as
any other source. One needs to honor the data scientifically just as much as
one has to honor the data of Ancient Near Eastern sources unless clear bias is
at play.
Great studies are undertaken by various institutes for the past decade on
the Hyksos to determine their origin. One such finding was published and then
reported by Theresa Machemer July 17, 2020 that they analyzed tooth enamel to
find out that the Hyksos were immigrants not invaders.
They came originally from the Northern Levant near Mesopotamia. Their wives
were favored to be in the Canaanite region of Israel and Palestine.
The original researcher studied 75 individuals. Some were from the
pre-Hyksos period and some from the Hyksos period.
The methodology was explained in the following link by one team how they
can determine their diet and origin. https://www.academia.edu/84675816/The_Hyksos_in_Egypt_A_Bioarchaeological_Perspective
The subject of burial culture was published by Chris Stantis in 2020 PLOS
ONE online. “Who were the Hyksos? Challenging traditional narratives using
strontium isotope ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) analysis of human remains from ancient Egypt”.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235414.
It is really the topic of paleomobility.
As Stantis pointed out, there was an influx of non-Egyptians before the
Hyksos period. The Beni Hasan relief supra is such an example. And it was a
Hyksos who wanted to pay respect to Senuseret II in the time of Joseph.
In 2018 Manfred Bietak reported in Austria that the architectural features
of Avaris and surroundings seems to find parallels in Syria and Canaan and also
Northern Mesopotamia.
Source: https://www.academia.edu/36306509/_THE_ENIGMA_OF_THE_HYKSOS_ERC_ADVANCED_GRANT_WORKSHOP_AT_THE_11_TH_ICAANE_IN_MUNICH_at_LMU_6_TH_OF_APRIL_2018_DIRECTED_BY_MANFRED_BIETAK_AND_SILVIA_PRELL?rhid=27889892001&swp=rr-rw-wc-38582634
Any article suggesting that the Hyksos were the Hebrews of the Bible like
Joseph and Jacob, should be rejected. It is misrepresentation. Also if they
suggest that it is Moses and the Israelite rebelling. They did not leave Egypt
because they were inspired by the Hyksos attitudes. Do not misplace the clear
Bible reasons why they left.